Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis Essay Example

Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis Paper Lee Hsien Loong was sworn in as Singapore’s third Prime Minister on 12 August 2004. Mr Lee was first elected Member of Parliament (MP) in 1984 as a candidate of the Peoples Action Party (PAP) and has been re-elected six times, most recently in 2011 as an MP for the Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency. He was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the PAP in 1986, and became its Secretary-General in 2004. Mr Lee was appointed Minister of State in the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Ministry of Defence in 1984. He was confirmed as full Minister for Trade and Industry in 1987, and was concurrently Second Minister for Defence. In 1985, Mr Lee chaired the Economic Committee, which recommended changes to long established government policies to reduce business costs and revive the economy during a severe recession, as well as policies to foster longer term growth, including drastic reduction of corporate and personal taxes and the introduction of a consumption tax. In 1990, Mr Lee was appointed Deputy Prime Minister with responsibilities for economic and civil service matters. He also concurrently served as Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) from 1998 until 2004, and Minister for Finance from 2001 until 2007. Mr Lee was appointed Chairman of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) in June 2011. At the MAS, Mr Lee initiated reforms to liberalise the financial sector and to shift the emphasis from one-size-fits-all regulation towards a lighter supervisory touch, relying more on disclosure and caveat emptor. As Minister for Finance, he chaired the Economic Review Committee which in 2003 proposed strategies to further restructure and upgrade the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These included tax changes to make Singapore more competitive and a major restructuring of the Central Provident Fund system. As Prime Minister, Mr Lee has launched policies to build a competitive economy and an inclusive society. He has introduced new programmes to upgrade the education system, invest in R;D and infrastructure, and transform the city and living environment. Mr Lee chairs the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC), an international panel to oversee Singapore’s major effort in promoting R;D. Mr Lee’s Government is also strengthening Singapore’s social safety nets. Significant measures include the Workfare Incentive Scheme, which is a negative income tax to encourage and reward older, low-income workers, and Community Care (ComCare), an endowment fund to support a wide range of welfare and social programmes targeted at the poor. By tackling long-term issues such as the ageing population and the pressures of globalisation, Mr Lee seeks to gear up Singapore to seize the abundant opportunities in a vibrant Asia. Before entering politics, Mr Lee was a Brigadier-General in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). He attended the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and held various staff and command posts, including the Director of the Joint Operations and Plans Directorate, and Chief of Staff of the General Staff. Mr Lee was born on 10 February 1952 and completed his schooling in Singapore. He studied at the University of Cambridge, graduating with a B. A. in Mathematics and a Diploma in Computer Science. He subsequently earned a Masters in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School. First married to Wong Ming Yang in 1978, Mr Lee was widowed in 1982. He remarried Ho Ching in 1985. He has one daughter and three sons. Mr Lee enjoys reading, walking, listening to classical music and tinkering with computers. Career  |   | 2004 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Prime Minister Chairman, Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC) Chairman, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (2011)|   2001 – 2007  | Minister for Finance| 1998 – 2004  | Chairman, Monetary Authority of Singapore|   1990 – 2004  | Deputy Prime Minister| 987 – 1992  | Minister for Trade and Industry| 1987 – 1990  | Second Minister for Defence| 1984 – 1987  | Minister of State for Ministry of Trade and Industry ;   Ministry of Defence| 2004 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Secretary-General, People’s Action Party|   1992 – 2004  | First Assistant Secretary-General, Peopl e’s Action Party|   1989 – 1992  | Second Assistant Secretary-General, People’s Action Party|   1986 – 1989  | Member, Central Executive Committee of the People’s Action Party|   1984 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Member of Parliament First elected in 1984, and re-elected in 1988, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2006 and 2011)|   1982 – 1984  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Chief of Staff of the General Staff|   1983 – 1984  | Director of the Joint Operations and Plans Directorate|   1978 – 1979  | Attended the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, USA|   1971| Completed Officer Cadet Course at SAFTI and commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant in the SAF  |   |   | Academic|   | 979 – 1980| Mason Fellow at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; graduated with a Master’s Degree in Public Administration| 1974  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | University of Cambridge, UK; graduated as a Wrangler in the Mathematics Tripos (equivalent to First Class Honours) and with a Diploma in Computer Science (with Distinction)| 1971| Awarded the SAF Scholarship| 1970| Awarded the President’s Scholarship| 1970| National Junior College| 1964 – 1969| Catholic High School| 1958 – 1963| Nanyang Girls’ High School (Co-Ed Primary Section)| LEADERSHIP August 2004, aged 52, was picked on a beam of Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, took office after the first challenge is to save the economy. Singapore economy of the Asian emerging economies (China, India) affect commerce, and 0 0 years, average economic growth for three years only one. Eight percent. Due to the relocation of manufacturing a large number, the unemployment rate in 2003 is also up to four. But a few years, Singapores economy completely transformed. From the flattening out of the moderate growth of the country, to two 0 0 IMD ranking of national competitiveness, beyond the Nordic Denmark, entry into the second after the United States competitive. Last year, Singapores economic growth rate of seven. Seven percent, the unemployment rate down to the end of a decade low of one. Six percent. Succession from his father Lee Hsien Loong, after taking office, to prove their leadership, not just rely on the father. In fact, Lees leadership, the leaders from Singapore on the long-term, planned training. Singapore has the worlds highest civil service pay, is to develop a good design is one of the government to work and live. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loongs annual salary ? 0 fifty thousand dollars (about sixty-five million NT dollars), is the head of the worlds highest annual salary, is five times Bush, Yasuo Fukudas eight times, 11 times Chen Shui-bian. Last year, the head of the Singapore Parliament to review the salaries, Lee Hsien Loongs speech in response to Congress that the Singapore leadership team to develop understanding, ability, in addition to salaries, more importantly, long-term retention of good talent in the government. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, senior politicians in 1976, the government in the mill 14 years until 1990 when the Prime Minister and I 1984 in politics, but the mill for twenty years in government, to two 0 0 four years as prime minister. Im the Deputy Prime Minister seat in the world was to be the oldest person! Lee described the leaders of Singapore to develop patience. Recently, Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore is ready to begin developing the fourth generation successor. He said, I am already 55 years old, began to keep the pension, and I do not want to have a seven-year-old Singapores future prime minister, So, he looks to convince people into the thirties, the Singapore government, I want to in this age group to find the best people, the best choice to the people of Singapore. ten years later, this group of people, at least one person to become prime minister. Year before the election, Lee Hsien Loong extensive private business, search this age professionals to run for public office. Many professionals are convinced of the civil accountants, lawyers, doctors, etc. , are required to give a higher salary to politics. Difficult to convince these people in China, government officials have sea to do business; in Singapore, I told these people for the runway, said politics is climbing , very hard to carefully consider, Lee said. Political leaders, in the eyes of Lee Hsien Loong, to be both leadership and management two abilities. If the head of government would shout slogans, but unfamiliar with the business sector, big trouble, Lee said, heads of government departments not only to master the situation, when the chairman of the board, sometimes need to play the chief executive (CEO). Not only to direction, more capacity out of the policy implementation. Make everyone feel fair Singapore is in addition to Monaco, Macau and Hong Kong, the population density is highest. However, although the current four million residents, but twenty-five percent are foreigners. Their own people, three quarters of the population are Chinese, Malays who practice Islam are accounted for fourteen percent, the Hindu Indians accounted for eight percent, in addition to Europe and Asia mixed. Complex race, with full liberalization of the global economy, Singapores leaders the ability to gather consensus and recognition is more challenging. Lee believes that maintaining the principle of fairness and justice, is in addition to culture, art, life and other emotional factors, the more critical leadership. Everyone needs to accumulate their assets in this society as long as trying to prove yourself, you can succeed, climbing rose, which is particularly important for the pluralistic society, otherwise, it will feel worth the effort, not worth it to stay, Lee told the U. S. public television interview. Globalization raids by the small city-state, half of the population in Singapore every year and out the door several times, Singapore has become Asias most national conscio usness, national brand awareness in the world. Obviously, Lee Hsien Loong on how to play the globalization of the new Asian leaders, have their own set of.

Strong and Weak Vowels in Spanish

Strong and Weak Vowels in Spanish Vowels in Spanish are classified as either weak or strong, and the classification determines when combinations of two or more vowels are considered to form a separate syllable. Key Takeaways: Spanish Vowels The strong vowels of Spanish are a, e, and o; the weak vowels are i and u.When two strong vowels are next to each other, they form separate syllables; in other combinations, the vowels are in the same syllable.Two vowels next to each other form a diphthong; three vowels next to each other form a triphthong. Two Types of Vowels The strong vowels of Spanish - sometimes known as open vowels- are a, e, and o. The weak vowels - sometimes known as closed vowels or semivowels- are i and u. Y often serves as a weak vowel as well, functioning in the same way and sounding the same as i. The basic rule of vowel combinations and syllables is that two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable, so that when two strong vowels are next to each other, they are considered to belong to separate syllables. But other combinations - such as a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels - form a single syllable. Be aware that in real life, especially in rapid speech, two strong vowels, such as in the words maestro and Oaxaca, often slide together to be pronounced in a way that may sound like a single syllable or very close to it. But they are still considered separate syllables for writing purposes, such as when dividing words at the end of a line or for the use of accent marks. Keep in mind that vowel sounds in Spanish tend to be purer than they are in English. In English, for example, the word boa (a type of snake) often sounds something like boh-wah, while in Spanish boa sounds more like boh-ah. This is because English speakers often pronounce the long o with a slight ooh sound at the end, while Spanish speakers do not. Diphthongs When a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels combine to form a single syllable, they form a diphthong. An example of a diphthong is the ai combination in baile (dance). The ai combination here sounds much like the English word eye. Another example is the ui combination in fui, which to the English speaker sounds much like fwee. Here are some fairly common words that include diphthongs (shown in boldface): puerto (port), tierra (earth), siete (seven), hay (there is or there are), cuida (care), ciudad (city), labio (lip), hacia (toward), paisano (peasant), cancià ³n (song), Europa (Europe), aire (air). In some words, a strong and weak vowel or two weak vowels dont merge together but instead form separate syllables. In those cases, a written accent over the weak vowel is used to show the distinction. A common example is the name Marà ­a. Without the accent mark, the name would be pronounced much like MAHR-yah. In effect, the accent mark turns the i into a strong vowel. Other words where an accent mark is used to keep a weak vowel from becoming part of a diphthong include rà ­o (river), heroà ­na (heroine), dà ºo (duet) and paà ­s (country). If there is an accent over the strong vowel, it doesnt destroy the diphthong. For example, in adià ³s, the accent merely indicates where the spoken stress goes but doesnt affect how the vowels work together. Triphthongs Occasionally, a diphthong can combine with a third vowel to form a triphthong. Triphthongs never have two strong vowels in them; they are formed by either three weak vowels or a strong vowel with two weak vowels. Words that have triphthongs include Uruguay (Uruguay), estudiis (you study) and buey (ox). Note that for purposes of the written accent, the y is considered a consonant even if it is functioning as a vowel. Thus the final syllable of Uruguay is what gets the stress; thats where the stress goes on words ending in a consonant other than n or s. If the final letter were an i, the word would need to be spelled Urugui to maintain the pronunciation.

The Controversial Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800

The Controversial Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 The election of 1800 was one of the most controversial in American history, and was marked with intrigue, betrayals, and a tie in the electoral college between two candidates who were running mates on the same ticket. The eventual winner was only decided after  days of balloting in the House of Representatives. When it was settled, Thomas Jefferson became president. That marked a philosophical change, which has been characterized as the Revolution of 1800. The electoral result represented a significant political realignment as the first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, had been Federalists, and Jefferson represented the ascending Democratic-Republican Party. The contentious result of the election revealed a serious flaw in the US Constitution. Under the original Constitution, candidates for president and vice president ran on the same ballot. And that meant running mates could essentially be running against each other. The Twelfth Amendment, which changed the Constitution to prevent the problem of the election of 1800  from occurring again, created the current system of presidents and vice presidents running on the same ticket. The nations fourth presidential election was the first time candidates campaigned, though the campaigning was very subdued by modern standards. And the contest was also noteworthy as it intensified political and personal animosity  between two men tragically linked in history, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. The Incumbent in 1800: John Adams When the nations first president, George Washington, announced that he would not run for a third term, his vice president, John Adams, ran and was elected president in 1796. Adams became increasingly unpopular during his four years in office, especially for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, repressive legislation designed to stifle freedom of the press. As the 1800 election approached Adams was determined to run for a second term, though his chances were not promising. The Role of Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton had been born on the island of Nevis, in the Caribbean. And while he was technically eligible to be president under the Constitution (having been a citizen  when the Constitution was ratified), he was such a controversial figure that a run for high office never seemed feasible. However, he had played a formidable role in the administration of George Washington, serving as the first secretary of the treasury. Over time he came to be an enemy of John Adams, though they were both members of the Federalist Party. He had tried to ensure the defeat of Adams in the election of 1796, and hoped to see Adams defeated in his run for a second term. Hamilton did not hold governmental office in the late 1790s, a time when he was practicing law in New York City. Yet he built a Federalist political machine in New York and could exert considerable influence in political matters. Aaron Burr as a Candidate Aaron Burr, a prominent New York political figure, was opposed to the Federalists continuing their rule, and also hoped to see Adams denied a second term. A constant rival to Hamilton, Burr had built a New York political machine, centered around Tammany Hall,  which rivaled Hamiltons Federalist organization. For the 1800 election, Burr threw his support behind Thomas Jefferson. Burr ran with Jefferson on the same ticket as the vice-presidential candidate. Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson had served as Washingtons secretary of state, and ran a close second to John Adams in the election of 1796. As a critic of the Adams presidency, Jefferson was an obvious candidate on the Democratic-Republican ticket that would oppose the Federalists. The Campaigning in 1800 While it is true that the 1800 election marks the first time that candidates campaigned, the campaigning that year mostly consisted of writing letters and articles expressing their intentions. President John Adams did make trips to Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania that were construed as political visits, and Aaron Burr, on behalf of the Democratic-Republican ticket, visited towns throughout New England. In that early period the electors from the states were generally chosen by state legislatures, not by popular vote. In some cases the elections for state legislatures were essentially substitutes for the presidential election, so any campaigning actually took place at a local level. A Tie in the Electoral College The tickets in the election were Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney, and the Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The ballots for the electoral college were not counted until February 11, 1801, and it was discovered that the election was a tie. Jefferson and his own running mate, Burr, each received 73 electoral votes. John Adams received 65 votes, Charles C. Pinckney received 64 votes. John Jay, who had not even been running, received one electoral vote. The original wording of the Constitution, which didnt distinguish between electoral votes for president and vice president, led to the problematic outcome. In the event of a tie in the electoral college, the Constitution dictated that the election would be decided by the House of Representatives. So Jefferson and Burr, who had been running mates, became rivals. The Federalists, who still controlled the lame-duck Congress, threw their support behind Burr in an effort to defeat Jefferson. And while Burr publicly expressed his loyalty to Jefferson, he worked to win the upcoming election in the House of Representatives. And Alexander Hamilton, who detested Burr and considered Jefferson a safer choice to be president, wrote letters and used all his influence with the Federalists to thwart Burr. Many Ballots in the House of Representatives The election in the House of Representatives began on February 17, 1801, in the unfinished Capitol building in Washington. The voting went on for several days, and after 36 ballots the tie was finally broken. Thomas Jefferson was declared the winner. Aaron Burr was declared vice president. And it is believed that Alexander Hamiltons influence weighed heavily on the eventual outcome. Legacy of the Election of 1800 The fractious outcome of the 1800 election led to the passage and ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed the way the electoral college functioned. As Thomas Jefferson was distrustful of Aaron Burr, he gave him nothing to do as vice president. Burr and Hamilton continued their epic feud, which finally culminated in their famous duel in Weehawken, New Jersey on July 11, 1804. Burr shot Hamilton, who died the next day. Burr was not prosecuted for killing Hamilton, though he later was accused of treason, tried, and acquitted. He lived in exile in Europe for several years before returning to New York. He died in 1836. Thomas Jefferson served two terms as president. And he and John Adams eventually put their differences behind them, and wrote a series of friendly letters during the last decade of their lives. They both died on a noteworthy day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 14

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example This was followed by a close examination of the competition in London with restaurants with a similar theme of organic food serves. Analyzing the strategies and financial aspects followed by reviewing the success prospect of this business project. I also included the start up cost as well as the feasibility of funds According to a report; organic food Industry is growing internationally, its sales have grown 8% in 2010 globally and it is valued as pounds  £ 44.5 Billion. It has shown remarkable growth in the European and the US market and for future the prospect is positive ("soil association"). People in Europe are more concerned about consuming safe food. They are aware about the harmful affects of modified foods and hence the organic food market is the fastest growing filed in United Kingdom. People tend to choose organic food to compliment their living standard which has increased significantly in the recent years. UK sells Organic food and presently it the second highest sale in Europe. The most popular organic foods in UK are fruits, potatoes, cereals, milk products and vegetables (George 205-206). When it comes to the word ‘Organic’, the very first impression one gets is of a product which is free of chemicals, it is mostly attributed to vegetables and fruits and not with any non vegetarian food. However, animals those are raised in an organic environment, taken complete care with natural substances and without any pesticides involvement are highly preferred by consumers. They are fed with natural diet and they are free from genetically modified organism, when they are sick they are treated with drugs and not with antibiotics. These animals are never given hormones ("Soil association"). Presently there are very few restaurants in London; engaged in serving organic food. This report will highlight the possibilities of its successful venture. It is quite evident through research reports provided by the soil association, UK’; that organic

BUS 303 MOD 1 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS 303 MOD 1 SLP - Essay Example olicy, we have been keeping in touch with you, through the transparent e-mail messages, where we discuss the routine matters, which concern our day-to-day business affairs. In continuation with the same, I shall be discussing with you today about the crucial issue of maintaining discipline in observation of punctuality towards office working hours. As every one of us is aware of the punch-card system that we maintain for keeping the attendance record of our workers, the same needs improvement. The main drawbacks, which have come to my notice, include difficulty of punching cards faced by those employees, who need frequent visits outside their office, apart from occasional malfunctioning of the system. While suggesting any method of improvement would in itself exhibit the dedication and seriousness of the concerned employee; we have formulated a scheme, which provides for the rewards to be given to the first three suggestions, selected by our HR department for this purpose. As it is our policy to maintain excellent relations with our existing customers, we must thank all of you for providing our reference to your friends and associates. This certainly has resulted in strengthening our customer base, with the addition of new customer relationships. Therefore, it is our prime responsibility to keep you informed about the developments taking place at our end, which include the new product launches. As we propose to launch the new product by the end of this month, we shall be sending you special invitations to attend the event. Needless to mention here, the highlights of this event would include the demonstration of the product, which will be followed by interaction of our marketing professionals with you all. In the first e-mail, only the name has been written in the field mentioning â€Å"from†, while the second e-mail has the designation written in this field, after the name. This is due to the fact that the second email is for the customers, who are outside the

Boston Artwork Essay Example for Free

Boston Artwork Essay The public artworks that I chose are Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor) and Boston’s Famed Rainbow Tank. The similarities of these artworks are that they are both available in public view and that they are unique types of artwork. There is not much like the Rainbow Tank or the Asaroton ’76 types, as they were original ideas of the artists. Considering the effect that they have on people, both artworks seem to blend in the everyday life of those who see it in a regular basis. The Asaroton is being walked around and stepped around, while the Rainbow Tank contains liquefied natural gas. It’s as if the artwork has naturally been there, a part of everyone’s ordinary lives despite the fact they are extraordinary creations (Millis, 1997). The Asaroton ’76 is an artwork like no other, as it is composed of bronze replicas of everyday waste and debris of the market, which is then embedded in concrete. At first glance, the artwork just seems to be a deformity or an abnormality in the road (Harries/Heder Public Art, 2006). But if you look at it closely, you will see the intricate details and designs embossed on the concrete walkway. In relation to this, it is situated in a segment of the street which forms a major crosswalk. Many people pass it or walk over it everyday, but they don’t seem to mind. To them, the artwork is already a part of their everyday lives. Boston’s Famed Rainbow Tank is actually a gigantic tank of liquefied natural gas which was painted with five huge swaths of color, artistically placed as though they’re just strokes of a paintbrush (NPR, 2001). The colors are yellow, orange, blue, vermillion, and purple. With the way the tank is painted, it’s as if it was just a large canvas for an abstract artwork. The stripes actually doesn’t resemble anything, but according to those who gaze at this gigantic work of art, they see faces of prominent personalities, whether they’re our friends or foes (images of Ho Chi Minh, Fred Flintstone, Saddam Hussein). The Asaroton ’76 is situated in the busy, open air produce market on Blackstone Street. The place it is embedded is a part of a major crosswalk, so you can just imagine how many people walk over it or pass it during the course of the day. Heavy motor traffic is also present during the day, so we can say that this artwork is not something that we keep in museums or galleries, as it is best appreciated in public. Boston’s Rainbow Tank is situated somewhere along Boston’s waterfront, the industrial part of the area. The rainbow tank is such a massive structure that many people can see it without having to get close to it. There were restaurants just around the area, and the rainbow tank has been a common view for the urban dwellers. The tank holds a good spot in everyone’s heart, as it was made originally as a sign of peace, and now it remains a masterpiece unique from any other artworks. The effectiveness of Asaroton ’76 in conveying an artistic message is incomparable, as it artfully depicts some of the common things that we see everyday. It immortalizes the debris of everyday life, which seem to reflect back to us, how we oftentimes don’t recognize these stuff as artistic or as anything valuable. With the Asaroton, we are able to see how these things, no matter what they are, can be a very good subject for a wonderful work of art. It’s main difference with the Rainbow Tank is obviously the size, and also the feeling it conveys, as it serves as a reminder of the things we usually neglect or ignore, as for the Rainbow Tank, it is a sign of peace, that’s why it conveys a feeling of happiness to the viewers. The Rainbow Tank is effective in its purpose of spreading peace, as it conveys a feeling of peacefulness and childish joy, despite the size of the structure. People who look at it tend to smile, even without a reason. Its mere presence in the area brings and assurance of peace for the people, though in reality, it could easily be a target of terrorism, with all the natural gas it contains. References: Harries/Heder Public Art. (2006). Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor). Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. harriesheder. com/asaroton. htm Millis, C. (1997). An opinionated, irreverent look at Bostons public art. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. bostonphoenix. com/archive/art/97/08/21/PUBLIC_ART. html NPR. (2001). Bostons Famed Rainbow Tank Inspires Admiration, Scorn. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. npr. org/news/specials/response/home_front/features/2001/nov/rainbowtank/011105. rainbowtank. html

Religion as a Tool of Conquest in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Ess

Religion as a Tool of Conquest in Things Fall Apart  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the white men who come to Umuofia find success in conquering the village by challenging Ibo religion. Because the first white men to appear in Umuofia were missionaries, the slaughter of Ibo society began with the challenging of the highly-regarded religion of the Ibo people. The white men began their religious assault by openly denouncing the many gods worshipped by the Ibo in order to convert them to the new faith. After accomplishing this, the white men set out to prove that the Christian religion was superior to all others by defying the powers of the Ibo gods when they built their church upon the cursed ground of the Evil Forest. With the Ibo religion being proved powerless, the converts began challenging their former religion by killing the sacred python, revered by the people of Umuofia. By attacking the fundamental teachings of the natives’ religion, the Christians were able to effectively conquer the Ibo people. The Christians first step in taking over the people of Umuofia was to preach that the Ibo gods were false. As the white man spoke against the Ibo gods, saying that worshipping gods of â€Å"wood and stone† (Achebe, 125) was fruitless, the natives were confused. They did not understand how this could be so, and they were both amused and shocked that anyone would suggest an idea that they perceived to be so ridiculous. The Ibo questioned the white man, wondering â€Å"who will protect us from†¦ our neglected gods and ancestors† and were curious about his teachings. In doing so, it becomes apparent that the white man had succeeded in planting doubt in their minds about their religion. The Ibo were then unsure as ... ...faith had been tested several times, and had failed on all occasions. The Ibo people, at this point, had given up, and the Christians were victorious over the village and its clan. By forcing the Umuofians to question their religion, the Christians were able to successfully take over the village. They first challenged the Ibo religion by telling the villagers that their gods were not real. After this, the Christians built their church in the Evil Forest and defied the Umuofian gods who did nothing to stop the church, letting down the Ibo people. At the point of the killing of the python by a clansman, the Umuofian religion had been defeated in the eyes of its believers, and no longer held any real weight. The Christians were therefore able to effectively conquer the Ibo by attacking their religion, which had been uncontested up until that point in history.   

Financial Crisis

The latest global financial crisis was exploded in 2008. This was the most serious financial crisis since the economic depression which occurred in sass and it severely impacted the global financial market. Lots of corporations collapsed during the 2008 financial recession which was caused by breakage of capital chain. Although some companies did not bankrupt during that period, they also had suffered huge loss. The 2008 global financial crisis began from America. American financial crisis came from the prosperity of real estate.Before the 2008 global financial crisis, a large umber of financial derivatives were generated and financial bubble became more and more serious. Finally, American sub-prime crisis occurred which leaded to a large number of bank failure. This paper will analyze the reason of American sub- prime crisis and indicate the relevance between Shoal's article, agency theory and the 2008 global financial crisis. This essay will argue that agency theory contributes to the 2008 global financial recession. 2 Review of the literature 2. Agency theory Agency theory has described a relationship between principals and agents. It also an solve this relationship through a contract that ‘one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent' denser and Neckline, 1976:308, citied in Lehman and Continue, 2013). 2. 2 Bad theory and humans morality and ethic After the collapse of Enron, Shoal (2005) strongly argues that business school does not need to do lots of things.In contrast, they Just need to terminate some old courses which they are teaching for their students. The reason is that the root of the issues in management practices can be found in the theories of management. Additionally, management practices which are condemned are enhanced by these ‘theories and ideas' (Shoal, 2005: 75). Moreover, business school ca nnot address the issues of moral and ethic. Clansman, Setback and Heckler (1998: 77, citied in Shoal, 2005) claim that management studies is regarded as ‘a branch of' the social sciences.Namely, the issues of business studies can be analyzed and resolved in method of social sciences. However, Ghosted (2005: 77) strongly argues that people use ‘scientific' way o explore regulation so that they have ignored the moral and ethics of humans. Because there are some underlying basic diversities between physical sciences and business studies, some theories of physical sciences are not suitable for business studies. Furthermore, the parts of business studies which are related to physical (2005), even though ‘scientific methods' (p. 7) exerts some positive influences, the cost is expensive. Therefore, this approach denies the subjective initiative of human. In addition, humans morality and ethic which are neglected by individuals are inevitable in human intentionality. Jense n and Michelin (1976, cited in Shoal, 2005: 75) assert that an idea which ‘mangers cannot be trusted' was taught to their students in business school. As a result, when these students graduate, they hardly trust their leaders and do not realize that they should strictly maintain personal integrity.Additionally, Even though Friedman (1953, citied in Shoal, 2005) acknowledges that the duty of agents is to maximize the profit of shareholders, Shoal discounts this view and argues that compared with finding a new Job by employees, it is easier that shareholder can sell their corporation (Shoal, 2005). Furthermore, shareholder value minimization is the fundamental of the agency theory. However, Shoal (2005: 81) strongly asserts that they are not relevant and points out that these research and analyses are built on incorrect assumption, which meaner they are ‘unrealistic'.Moreover, ‘Chicago Agenda' extreme emphasis laws and rules and against human intentionality and indic ates that ethic and morals which are only relevant with persons can be removed from social science (Shoal, 2005). Nevertheless, Shoal disagrees this view and approves of the stewardship theory, because it can effectively give consideration to he profit of ‘customers, employees, shareholders' and their ‘communities' (Davis, Chairman and Donaldson, 1997, citied in Shoal, 2005: 81). 2. 3 Background of financial crisis The 2008 global financial recession has been described a ‘once in a century credit tsunami' (Earl, 2009: 785).This is a disastrous blow to global financial community. Ballard (et al, 2009, citied in Huh et at, 2012) points out that many economists regarded the global financial crisis as the most serious global finance disaster since sass. Compared with only 11 banks was bankruptcy during 2003 to 2007, at least 160 American banks went broke in 2008 and 2009 (Fide, 2011, citied in Huh et al, 2012). From this statistics, it is not difficult to know how stro ng influence brought by this financial crisis. There is a close link between the 2008 global financial crisis and sub-prime crisis.Bernard (2007, citied in Hellenize and Chaos, 2012) asserts that ‘sub-prime mortgages are loans made to borrowers who are perceived to have a high credit risk, often because they lack a strong credit history or have other characteristics that are associated with high probabilities of default'. Furthermore, during 1990 to 2000, cause of the IT bubble economy, the American government took some steps to prevent economic downturn, such as reducing interest rate, cutting tax, decreasing the cost of sub-prime etc.Even though there were higher risks that some of sub- prime borrowers cannot repay currency punctually, the sub-prime mortgage had become an extremely phenomenon in that period, because this kind of debits can get more return due to the higher interest rate. In addition, secondary market had Thus mortgagor can easier receive mortgage credit, no matter he or she is the sub- prime borrowers or prime borrowers. As a result, sub-prime mortgage market had developed rapidly.Furthermore, a large portion of American preferred to buy a house in installment plan before the 2008 global financial crisis and some of them were sub-prime borrowers. Basic and Chine (1996, citied in Change and Chine, 2013: 14) claim that people need ‘more than enough' fortune to certify their social status. This is why lots of American purchased a house in installment plan. Because of the higher interest rate, local banks were pleasured to borrow currency to these sub- prime borrowers. Goodhearted (2007) claims that in order to assess the default risk, here is no experience that the price of house has declined in the whole of America.However, the price of house started to fall from the end of 2006 in lots of areas of America (Goodhearted, 2007). Because the value of mortgage is less than the debts and the growing interest rate, increasingly sub-prime borrowers gave up repaying currency to banks. Consequently, even though lenders had sold these mortgages, it cannot cover the loss. In other words, the income gained by selling houses was not enough to offset the values of the credit and interest. As a result, these banks were suffering serious loss and some of them had to close down. 4 The link between Shoal' article, agency theory and financial crisis In recent years, agency theory is widely used in lots of corporation and regarded it as the fundamental theory of corporate governance. Agency theory has played an important role in traditional control systems. Moreover, in this theory, shareholders use the method of supervision and reward to control mangers and employees. It is the foundation of agency theory to maximize the value of shareholders. Principals need to supervise agents whether they focus on shareholder' interest when they are operating a corporation.However, Shoal (2005) strongly points out hat this theory does not im prove the company's performance, because it is analyzed by physical science and then neglect the moral and ethic of human. Because the different perspectives between shareholders and agents, they can make the diverse decisions. Thus some primary issues should be focused on in agency theory. Firstly, because of the diverse goals between principals and agents, how to ‘align' them has become thorny (Lehman and Continue, 2013: 1). Secondly, how to guarantee agents carry out according to principals' ideas. Lehman and Continue, 2013). Shareholders are interested in long-term strategies which can sustainable evolve their corporations. In other words, in long-term strategies, shareholders' value, such as stock price and dividends, can be maximized (Klein, 2009). In contrast, agents focus on short-term strategies so that they reject long-term strategies. In this way, they not only can effectively avoid unpredictable emergency which usually occur in long-term strategies, but also can ge t profit in a short time. It is why leaders Just pay attention to currently profit and overlook long-term development.For example, they may use ‘inferior raw material' to manufacture (Lehman and Continue, 2013: 1). As a result, current margin can increase; however, they have overlooked some more corporation. Obviously, the loss of long-term cannot be estimated. This is similar as the sub-prime mortgage. Lenders prefer to lend currency to sub-prime borrowers, because of the higher interest rate. They can collect more properties in a short time. In addition, if the housing price is higher than the price of mortgages, borrowers will try their best to repay the debt, because they do not want to lose their house.To assume, if a mortgagor cannot timely repay, house, as a mortgage, will belong to the bank. Namely, when the bank sale this house, it can get extra property immediately. In this case, lending currency to borrowers, even though they are sub-prime borrowers, it is hardly to get damage to lenders. However, loaners have only noticed the short-term profit, therefore, they loaned mortgage to sub-prime borrowers instead of prime borrowers; however, they had neglected sustainable development, especially when the price of house dramatically declined.In fact, when the housing price decreased, some borrowers preferred to give up the mortgage to lenders, especially the value of house is lower than the loans (Klein, 2009). In other words, banks only can receive these mortgages instead of the loans. As a result, huge loss derived these banks collapse. Furthermore, mortgage lender also can resell theses mortgage to investment bank. However, some of them had hided some information in order to a higher price (Klein, 2009). In this way, some drawback of mortgage cannot be known by a new buyer.What is worse, these shortcomings may be modified to become some advantages to attract others. This fraud and sharp practice had continuing occurred. Namely, there are increasin gly investing companies were involved in this event. Nevertheless, because the housing price decreased, these mortgages had devalued, which caused a serious debt crisis. Shoal (2005) points out that business school should open some ethic courses to teach their students more accountable. Obviously, he has predicted this perspective.Initially, if lenders do not only pay attention to short-time strategies, they did not only pursue the minimization of value in a short time and preferred to lend currency to prime borrowers rather than sub-prime borrowers. Even though the price of house decreased, borrowers are bound to consider their reedit, because they do not want to be classified in sub-prime borrowers. Additionally, they had stable Jobs to ensure the possible of repayment. Namely, banks may not consistently suffer such a huge blow.Furthermore, in order to earn greater profit, some agents had lent more than 20 times cash than the value the company's security assets. Was (2010) convinc ingly points out that ‘highly leveraged balance' existed in some financial institutions. For example, investment banks' liabilities-to-assets ratio was 0. 96 at the end of 2006 (Was, 2010). In other words, the majority of assert was borrowed. Even though these agents used insurance to transfer risk, blind pursuit of interests had brought some huge hazard. Sometimes, if an agent is indeed regarded as a selfish man, it will damage the benefit of his or her corporation.Even though it may be reasonable that agent should some underlying differences between physical science and business studies. In other words, some theories which are correct in physical science cannot be reasonably used in business studies. Eisenhower (1989, citied in Lehman and Continue, 2013: 1) points out that it is a significant issue that if an agent makes a decision, it will be fisticuff for principals to check whether this decision is beneficial for the company, such as ‘creative accounting' which is s eriously harmful the profit of corporation.Furthermore, managers may not want to spend capital on ‘long-term research and development', because it can reduce the short-term interest (Lehman and Continue, 2013: 2). Therefore, even though it seems exact that mangers should maximize the value of shareholders, Shoal discounts this view. He (2005:81) convincingly argues that this is the ‘unrealistic assumptions' and humans moral and ethic have been overlooked in this theory. In fact, shareholders and agents have the diverse goals, which meaner that shareholders are interested in long-term strategy; oppositely, agents prefer to focus on the short-term strategy.Because of the unrealistic assumptions, agency problems which contribute to the 2008 global financial crisis are ignored. 3 Implication in article 3. 1 Stewardship can remit financial crisis In Shoal's article, he argues that stewardship theory which can be alliterative to replace the agency theory can remit the problem between principals and agents (Shoal, 2005). Stewardship theory does not advocate personal interest, but the elective profit. In this theory, collective profit is higher than the personal benefit.Hernandez (2008) points out that agents' and shareholders' benefit can be aligned in stewardship theory. ‘Responsibility' and ‘psychological ownership' are combined with the profit of shareholders (Block, 1996; Davis, Chairman, and Donaldson 1997; citied in Spheres et al, 2012:2). In other words, they have become a collective and the interests of collective have closely linked with personal profits. According to Hernandez (2008), employees can feel more responsible and fulfill their obligations in stewardship theory.Because the interest has become consistent, the conflicting goals may not exist. Compared with agency theory which monitoring is necessary between shareholders and agents, shareholders and staff can cooperate in a harmonious environment. Furthermore, stewardship is a lso beneficial for realizing the interactions between sales personnel and consumers (De Router, De Gong and Wetness 2009; Hernandez, 2008, citied in Spheres et al, 2012). Therefore, it is good for a corporation to pay attention to customers, staff and shareholders simultaneously.Take sub-prime crisis makes an assumption, if the majority of corporation accepted he stewardship theory instead of the agency theory before the 2008 global financial crisis, the credit tsunami might not occur or it was not as heavy as this. Interest among agents', shareholders' and customers' are tightly relevant. In other words, agents and shareholders may not only focus on the short-term profit and ignore long- place. Therefore, they may prefer to lend currency for prime borrowers while limit the amount of loans which is loaned to sub-prime borrowers.In addition, when lenders resell their mortgage, they may not deliberately hide weak information and ay not modify shortcomings in order to resell a higher p rice. Even though the agency theory has been extensively used in the world, Shoal has realized the drawback of it and try to replace it. The agency theory has contributed to the 2008 global financial crisis to a large degree. Namely, Shoal has forecasted the issue which has widely existed in the majority of companies. Furthermore, the stewardship theory advocated by Shoal can effectively remit the problems between shareholders and agents.It also can decrease the harm brought by financial crisis to some extent. 4 practice relevance 4. The power of government While it can effectively decrease the probability of financial crisis that using the stewardship theory replaces the agency theory, it is not enough. Therefore, the power of government cannot be overlooked. Because it can cause economic bubble that a government continually slash interest rates or dramatically reduce interest rates. However, American government had constantly reduced the interest rate thirteen times from 2001 to 2 003.As a result, it caused the boom of American real estate. In addition, the application condition of sub-prime mortgage had decreased. A large umber of people preferred to purchase a house in installment plan, which caused the 2008 global financial crisis. Therefore, except for the stewardship theory, government also should pay attention to the frequency and the range of decreasing rate. Excessively fast decline the interest rate or oversize decrease them may cause economic bubble, which can harm for the domestic financial market.What is worse, it can lead to global economic crisis. Thus improper regulations may indirect lead to financial crisis. In addition, it is important that government should limit the rate of the sub-prime mortgage in any investment bank. Klein (2009) points out that regulation which can defend financial marker should be built by government. In other words, reasonable legislative can effectively prevent financial crisis. Consequently, the effect of governmen t cannot be ignored. It also can effectually protect financial market and prevent huge loss.While the dominant economic system is free marker, governmental macro-control, which is beneficial to the current economic system, is inevitable. 5 Conclusion Agency theory has described the relationship between principals and agents. Even Hough the foundation of the agency theory is to maximize the value of shareholder, Shoal (2005: 81) convincingly points out that it is incorrectly built on an ‘unrealistic crisis. Because sub-prime borrowers have the lower credit and lower repayment ability, when the value of mortgage was less than the loan, they preferred to give up repaying the debt.As a result, sub-prime lenders had to sustain the huge loss. However, agents only focused on the short-term profit. They preferred to loan currency to sub-prime borrowers. Therefore, borrowing currency to sub-prime borrowers had become a common phenomenon in that period. Even though Shoal's article was p ublished before the international financial crisis, he was still aware of the problems of agency theory in economic system. While agency theory is accepted by the majority of corporations, it still has some serious problems.

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